4th+Qtr+Notes+&+Materials


 * 4th Qtr Notes & Materials **


 * Chapter 31 **
 * American Life in the “Roaring Twenties,” 1919–1929 **

__**After mastering this chapter, you should be able to: **__ 1. Explain and analyze America’s turn toward social conservatism and normalcy following World War I. 2. Describe the cultural conflicts of the 1920s over such issues as immigration, cultural pluralism, and prohibition; and describe the rise of organized crime during the decade. 3. Describe the rise of Protestant Fundamentalism and its apparent defeat in the landmark Scopes Trial. 4. Discuss the rise of the mass-consumption economy, led by the automobile industry. 5. Describe the cultural revolution brought about by radio, films, and changing sexual standards, and the resulting anxiety it produced. 6. Explain how new ideas and values were reflected and promoted in the innovative American literature and music of the 1920s, including the African American Harlem Renaissance. 7. Explain how the era’s cultural changes affected women and African Americans.


 * American Life in the “Roaring Twenties,” 1919–1929 **
 * After World War I’s crusading idealism, Americans turned inward, demonizing anything foreign or different. The red scare and the Sacco-Vanzetti case targeted radicals, while the new Ku Klux Klan joined others in promoting further immigration restrictions. Cultural conflict swirled around the prohibition experiment and evolution.
 * A new mass-consumption economy fueled 1920s prosperity, while Henry Ford’s automobile industry transformed both the economy and American lifestyles.
 * Radio and film altered popular culture and values, while birth control and Freudian overturned traditional sexual standards, especially for women. Young literary rebels, mostly Mid-westerners, rejected New England and small-town culture, searching for new values as far away as Europe. The stock-market boom epitomized the decade’s free-wheeling spirit.

__**Resources **__

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">






 * Chapter 32 **
 * The Politics of Boom and Bust, 1920–1932 **

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">After mastering this chapter, you should be able to: <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">1. Analyze the domestic political conservatism and economic prosperity of the 1920s. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">2. Explain the Republican administrations’ policies of isolationism, disarmament, and high-tariff protectionism. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">3. Compare the easygoing corruption of the Harding administration with the straight-laced uprightness of his successor Coolidge. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">4. Describe the international economic tangle of loans, war debts, and reparations, and indicate how the United States tried to address it. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">5. Discuss how Hoover went from being a symbol of twenties business success to a symbol of depression failure. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">6. Describe the stock market crash of 1929, and explain the deeper causes of the Great Depression. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">7. Indicate how Hoover’s response to the depression reflected a combination of old-time rugged individualism and the new view that the federal government had some responsibility for the economy.


 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Politics of Boom and Bust, 1920–1932 **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Republican governments of the 1920s practiced active, pro-business policies, while neglecting much of the progressive legacy. America’s desire to withdraw from international involvements led to the Washington Naval Conference and sky-high tariffs, which protected American industry but caused worldwide economic problems.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Puritanical Calvin Coolidge succeeded a morally lax Harding administration mired in scandal, while feuding Democrats and La Follette progressives were outpolled by Republican prosperity.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">American demands for strict war debt repayment roiled international economies. The Dawes plan provided temporary relief, but the Hawley-Smoot Tariff devastated international trade.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The stock-market crash of 1929 terminated prosperity and plunged America into a horrible depression. Herbert Hoover’s relief efforts and reputation both collapsed, despite his unprecedented—if limited— federal assistance to revive the economy.

**<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">What Do You Make of It, Watson? (1931) ** <span style="font-family: Garamond,Palatino,Century,Serif;">



__**Web Links**__
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Depression Papers of Herbert Hoover (@http://www.geocities.com/mb_williams/hooverpapers/) Compiled from The State Papers and Other Public Writings of Herbert Hoover, edited by William Starr Myers, this online collection offers several sections: Tariffs and Agriculture, Economic Stability Program, Relief, Unemployment and Public Works, The Dust Bowl, Banks & Finance, The Federal Budget, Economic Recovery Measures, and the Bonus March.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum (@http://hoover.archives.gov/) This website offers numerous pages relating to Hoover’s life and presidency under the heading “Hoover Information.”
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">1930s Great Depression Gallery (@http://www.sos.state.mi.us/history/museum/explore/museums/hismus/1900-75/depressn/index.html) From the Michigan Historical Museum, this website offers online exhibits dealing with different aspects of the Great Depression, including unemployment, the rise of labor unions, relief efforts, and popular culture.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">America in the 1930s (http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s/front.html) This University of Virginia online exhibit highlights the achievement of the 1930s particularly through the media.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">The Hoover Dam (@http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/hoover/index.html) This PBS American Experience companion website focuses on the construction of the Hoover Dam by offering a timeline of construction, dam facts, a discussion of environmental issues, and maps.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Breadline: 1929–1939 (@http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/peoplescentury/episodes/breadline/) Part of PBS's People's Century television series, this website focuses on American unemployment and offers RealAudio interviews from eyewitnesses, a timeline, and a discussion page for others to share their experiences.
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">American Life Histories, 1936–1940 (@http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/wpaintro/wpahome.html) Compiled by the Library of Congress American Memory Project, these life histories were written by the staff of the Folklore Project of the Federal Writers' Project for the U.S. Works Progress and features 2,900 documents representing the work of over 300 writers from 24 states.
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Surviving the Dust Bowl (@http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/dustbowl/) This PBS American Experience companion website examines the region affected by the eight-year drought during the 1930s and offers a time line, maps, eyewitness accounts, New Deal remedies, and information about people and events from the era.
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Riding the Rails (@http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rails/) This PBS American Experience companion website focuses on the teenagers who lived on the road in America during the Great Depression and offers a timeline, maps, "tales from the rails", Hobo songs, and recommended resources.
 * 10) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Studs Terkel: Conversations (@http://www.studsterkel.org/) While focusing on the life and work of Studs Terkel, this website, produced by the Chicago Historical Society, offers information about the work this oral historian did on the Depression.


 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Chapter 33 **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1933–1939 **

__**<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">After mastering this chapter, you should be able to: **__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">1. Describe the rise of Franklin Roosevelt to the presidency in 1932 and the important role that Eleanor Roosevelt played in the Roosevelt administration. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">2. Describe each of the early New Deal three R goals—relief, recovery, and reform—and indicate what major efforts were made to achieve each goal. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">3. Describe the New Deal’s effect on labor and labor organizations. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">4. Discuss the early New Deal’s efforts to organize business and agriculture in the NRA and the AAA, and indicate what directions Roosevelt took after those two agencies were declared unconstitutional. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">5. Explain why Roosevelt became so frustrated with the conservative Supreme Court, and how his Court-packing plan backfired and weakened the political momentum of the New Deal. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">6. Explain how Roosevelt mobilized a New Deal political coalition that included the South, Catholics, Jews, African Americans, and women. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">7. Describe and analyze the arguments presented by both critics and defenders of the New Deal.


 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1933–1939 **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Confident, aristocratic Roosevelt took office with an urgent mandate to address the depression. His bank holiday and frantic Hundred Days restored confidence and created a host of new agencies to provide relief for the unemployed, economic recovery, and permanent systemic reform.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Federal New Deal programs put millions of the unemployed back on the job. FDR responded to popular demagogues Huey Long and Father Charles Coughlin [kawg-lin] by reorganizing and reforming American history, labor, and agriculture. The TVA, Social Security, and the Wagner Act brought far-reaching changes that especially benefited the economically disadvantaged.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Conservatives denounced the New Deal, but Roosevelt’s powerful coalition of urbanites, labor, new immigrants, blacks, and Southerners swept him to victory in 1936.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Women began to exercise their politically and intellectually rights a decade after the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Roosevelt’s Court-packing plan failed, but the Court began to approve New Deal legislation. Mounting conservative opposition and the stubborn persistence of unemployment frustrated the later New Deal. The highly controversial New Deal saved America from extreme right-wing or left-wing dictatorship.

__**Resources**__

//** Video Links **//

**Episode: FDR on Lying: Hiding a Disability** Watch FDR on Lying: Hiding a Disability on PBS. See more from American Experience. //The majority of the country did not know President Roosevelt was handicapped. "When he met Orson Welles, he said 'Orson, you and I are the two best actors in America,'" says biographer Hugh Gallagher. "And he was right."//
 * American Experience**

**Episode: FDR's First Lady: Eleanor** Watch FDR's First Lady: Eleanor on PBS. See more from American Experience. //Eleanor Roosevelt traveled more than 40,000 miles during FDR's first year as president. "Never before had a first lady taken to the road," says biographer Doris Kearns Goodwin. "She became his legs," says journalist Chalmers Roberts.//
 * American Experience**

**Episode: FDR and Abusing Power: Reshaping the Supreme Court** Watch FDR and Abusing Power: Reshaping the Supreme Court on PBS. See more from American Experience. //President Roosevelt's attempt to reshape the Supreme Court landed short and drew criticism from both Republicans and Democrats. "It was a recognition on his part that he had lost some measure of power," says David Ginsburg, member of FDR's administration.//
 * American Experience**
















 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Chapter 34 **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War, 1933–1941 **


 * __<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">After mastering this chapter, you should be able to: __**

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">1. Describe Franklin Roosevelt’s early isolationist policies, and explain their political and economic effects. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">2. Explain how American isolationism dominated U.S. policy in the mid-1930s. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">3. Explain how America gradually began to respond to the threat from totalitarian aggression, while still trying to stay neutral. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">4. Describe Roosevelt’s increasingly bold moves toward aiding Britain in the fight against Hitler and the sharp disagreements these efforts caused at home. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">5. Indicate how the United States responded to Nazi anti-Semitism in the 1930s, and why it was slow to open its arms to refugees from Hitler’s Germany. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">6. Discuss the events and diplomatic issues in the growing Japanese-American confrontation that led up to Pearl Harbor.

__**<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War, 1933–1941 **__
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Roosevelt’s early foreign policies— wrecking the London economic conference and starting the Good Neighbor policy in Latin America— reflected America’s focus on domestic recovery and less active role in the world. The U.S. withdrew from virtually all European affairs, and promised Filipino independence in order to avoid Asian commitments.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">European and Asian depression-spawned chaos in Europe and Asia strengthened U.S. isolationism, as Congress passed four Neutrality Acts, which aimed to keep America out of foreign wars. The United States adhered to neutrality at first, despite Italian, German, and Japanese aggression, but after World War II began in Europe, Roosevelt provided some aid to the Allies.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">After the fall of France, FDR forged the destroyers-for-bases deal and lend-lease act to aid desperate Britain. Still-powerful isolationists protested, but Republican candidate Wendell Willkie refused to attack Roosevelt’s foreign policy in the 1940 campaign.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">By the summer of 1941, the United States was fighting an undeclared, North Atlantic naval war with Germany, leading Roosevelt and Churchill to issue the Atlantic Charter. Failed negotiations with Japan and the surprise Pearl Harbor attack plunged the United States into World War II.

**Episode: Jesse Owens, Chapter 1** Watch Jesse Owens, Chapter 1 on PBS. See more from American Experience. //The most famous athlete of his time, his stunning triumph at the 1936 Olympic Games captivated the world even as it infuriated the Nazis. Despite the racial slurs he endured, Jesse Owens' grace and athleticism rallied crowds across the globe. But when the four-time Olympic gold medalist returned home, he could not even ride in the front of a bus.//
 * American Experience**

**Episode: Prospects of Mankind with Eleanor Roosevelt** Watch Prospects of Mankind with Eleanor Roosevelt on PBS. See more from American Experience. //"Prospects of Mankind with Eleanor Roosevelt" first aired on WGBH in October, 1959. The monthly series was a forum for prominent leaders and decision makers to discuss current issues with Eleanor as mediator and host. "Prospects of Mankind" is an example of Eleanor Roosevelt's fervent interest in world affairs during the last years of her life.//
 * American Experience**

**Episode: Made into an enemy** Watch Made into an enemy on PBS. See more from The War. //In Sacramento, soon after Order 9066 was issued, hand-lettered signs went up all over town, saying “Japs must go.”//
 * The War**

**The War** **Episode: Rationing and Recycling** Watch Rationing and Recycling on PBS. See more from The War. //During the war everything seemed to be rationed or in short supply: gasoline and fuel oil and rubber; bobby pins and zippers and tin foil; shoes and whiskey and chewing gum; butter and coffee and nylons and tomato ketchup and sugar; canned goods and cigarettes and the matches needed to light them.//

**History Detectives** **Episode: Safeguarding Military Secrets** Watch Safeguarding Military Secrets on PBS. See more from History Detectives. //Archive propaganda film showing what can happen when the enemy gains access to military secrets.//




 * [[file:kennedy_14e_matching_ch34.doc]]
 * **Matching People Places and Events**


 * media type="custom" key="25487390"

> ** 1. Indicate how America reacted to Pearl Harbor and prepared to wage war against both Germany and Japan. ** > ** 2. Describe the mobilization of the American economy for war and the mobilization of manpower and woman power for both the military and wartime production. ** > ** 3. Describe the war’s 3 effects on American society, to include regional migration, race relations, and women’s roles. ** > ** 4. Explain the early Japanese successes in East Asia and the Pacific, and the American strategy for countering them. ** > ** 5. Describe the early Allied invasion of North Africa and Italy, the strategic tensions with the Soviet Union over the Second Front and the Invasion of Normandy in 1944. ** > ** 6. Discuss FDR’s successful 1944 campaign against Thomas Dewey for a fourth term and his controversial choice of a new vice president. ** > ** 7. Explain the final military efforts that brought Allied victory in Europe and Asia and the significance of the atomic bomb. **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Chapter 35 **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">America in World War II, 1941–1945 **
 * ** After Mastering this chapter, you should be able to: **

> <span style="color: #445263; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">With the ugly exception of the Japanese-American concentration camps, World War II proceeded in the United States without the fanaticism and violations of civil liberties that occurred in World War I. The economy was effectively mobilized, using new sources of labor such as women and Mexican braceros. Numerous African Americans and Indians also left their traditional rural homelands and migrated to war-industry jobs in the cities of the North and West. The war brought full employment and prosperity, as well as enduring social changes, as millions of Americans were uprooted and thrown together in the military and in new communities across the country. Unlike European and Asian nations, however, the United States experienced relatively little economic and social devastation from the war. > <span style="color: #445263; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">The tide of Japanese conquest was stemmed at the Battles of Midway and the Coral Sea, and American forces then began a slow strategy of island hopping toward Tokyo. Allied troops first invaded North Africa and Italy in 1942 – 1943, providing a small, compromise second front that attempted to appease the badly weakened Soviet Union as well as the anxious British. The real second front came in June 1944 with the D-Day invasion of France. The Allies moved rapidly across France, but faced a setback in the Battle of the Bulge in the Low Countries. > <span style="color: #445263; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Meanwhile, American capture of the Marianas Islands established the basis for extensive bombing of the Japanese home islands. Roosevelt won a fourth term as Allied troops entered Germany and finally met the Russians, bringing an end to Hitlers rule in May 1945. After a last round of brutal warfare on Okinawa and Iwo Jima, the dropping of two atomic bombs ended the war against Japan in August 1945.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">America in World War II, 1941–1945 **
 * <span style="color: #445263; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">America was wounded but roused to national unity by Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt settled on a fundamental strategy of dealing with Hitler first, while doing just enough in the Pacific to block the Japanese advance.

**Episode: Truman on Crises: Crisis in Korea** Watch Truman on Crises: Crisis in Korea on PBS. See more from American Experience.
 * American Experience**

President Truman interpreted the North Korean attack upon South Korea as direct aggression from the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union's support for the invasion, however, was limited and not driven by the Soviet leader Stalin. "What the United States got involved with in 1950 was not aggression from the Soviet Union," says historian Walter LaFeber, but "an incredibly bloody Civil War in Korea." **__INTERNET RESOURCES__**
 * [[file:Unconditional Surrender of Japan.pdf]]
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum (@http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/index.html) The Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum Educational Program website includes biographical information, a timeline, documents and photographs, plus research aides.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">FDR Cartoon Collection Database (@http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/) This website includes FDR political cartoons and his inaugural speeches.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">World War II (@http://members.aol.com/TeacherNet/WWII.html) This website includes links to almost every possible topic related to the war. WWII Resources (@http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/index.html) This website is devoted to providing primary source materials on all aspects of the war. Encyclopedia of the Second World War (@http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WW.htm) This Spartacus Educational website is hypertexted, enabling one to research individual people and events of the war, including the newspaper, organization, etc., that produced the source.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">HyperWar: World War II (@http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/) This website offers a hypertext history of the second World War, primarily made up of primary source documents.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">World War II Sites (@http://connections.smsd.org/veterans/wwii_sites.htm) This teacher-created website serves as a gateway to World War II websites that are appropriate for use by students and teachers.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> World War II (@http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/) This multimedia BBC Online website covers various topics of the war such as campaigns and battles, politics, the home front, and the holocaust and features interactive maps, photographs and audio and video clips.
 * 7) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The World at War (@http://www.euronet.nl/users/wilfried/ww2/ww2.htm) This amazingly thorough website is organized around a timeline and serves as a gateway to other links.
 * 8) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">World War II in Europe Timeline (@http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/ww2time.htm) The History Place provides a hyperlinked timeline with text and images.
 * 9) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Price of Freedom: Americans at War (@http://americanhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/) The WWII portion of this Smithsonian website contains an introductory movie and short essay on the conflict, as well as historic images and artifacts.
 * 10) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rutgers Oral History Archives of World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War (@http://oralhistory.rutgers.edu/) This website offers interviews with war participants, with an emphasis on Rutgers graduates and New Jersey residents, with personal documents such as diaries, memoirs, letters, and photographs.
 * 11) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> What Did You Do in the War, Grandma? (@http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/WWII_Women/) This website offers student-conducted interviews on the role of Rhode Island women in the war.
 * 12) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">World War II Advertising History (@http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/adaccess/wwad-history.html) This Duke University website takes a look at the advertising campaigns promoted during World War II and provides digital images of many ads.
 * 13) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis (@http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/hitler_01.shtml) This BBC website provides readable summaries of the growth and formation of Hitler’s career and the Nazi party.
 * 14) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Master Race: 1926–1945 (@http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/peoplescentury/episodes/masterrace/) Part of PBS's People's Century series, this website probes the Nazi takeover in Germany and includes German oral histories.
 * 15) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cybrary of the Holocaust (@http://www.remember.org/) This excellent multimedia website about the impact of the Holocaust includes a virtual tour of the Auschwitz Museum and numerous other resources.
 * 16) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Holocaust—Crimes, Heroes and Villains (@http://www.auschwitz.dk/) This website, one of the largest Holocaust websites, is based on more than 30 year's research by the website's creator and includes articles previously published in magazines, essays, biographies, a bibliography, photographs, and more.
 * 17) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fighters on the Farmfront (@http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/osu/osuhomepage.html)
 * 18) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">An online exhibit from the Oregon State Archives tells about a program to ensure an adequate farm labor supply during WWII and immediately after.
 * 19) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The Tuskegee Airmen (@http://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/tuskegee/airoverview.htm)
 * 20) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">This National Park Service website provides an overview, a bibliography, photographs, and related historical material. Camp Harmony Exhibit (@http://www.lib.washington.edu/exhibits/harmony/exhibit/) The University of Washington Libraries provides this online exhibit about a Japanese-American internment camp. A More Perfect Union (@http://americanhistory.si.edu/perfectunion/experience/index.html) This excellent multimedia website, produced by the Smithsonian, focuses on the experience of Japanese Americans during World War II.
 * 21) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Internment of German Americans in the United States (@http://www.foitimes.com/internment/) This is a privately-created website that provides first-hand accounts and relevant documents along with an overview.
 * 22) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Living Weapon (@http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/weapon/) This PBS American Experience companion website explores the highly classified biological weapons program begun in 1942 and includes previously classified film footage, an outline of the history and development of diseases that could be used to destroy a city, information about a Cold War project using Seventh day Adventists as human subjects in the country's biological weapons program, interviews, and more.
 * 23) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Atomic Bomb: Decision (@http://www.dannen.com/decision/index.html) This privately maintained website includes full-text versions of documents, primarily from the National Archives, relevant to the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan.
 * 24) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Race to Build the Atomic Bomb—A Resource for Students and Teachers (@http://intergate.cccoe.k12.ca.us/abomb/) Produced by the Contra Costa County Office of Education, this website provides information on the men who built the Atomic Bomb and the urgency and circumstances surrounding its construction.
 * 25) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Remembering Nagasaki (@http://www.exploratorium.edu/nagasaki/) This well-designed visually interactive website is from the Exploratium: the museum of science, art, and human perception.
 * 26) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Rare film documents devastation at Hiroshima (@http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9608/10/japan.hiroshima.film/index.html) CNN makes available a Quicktime movie discovered a few years ago in a Tokyo vault.
 * 27) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">A-Bomb WWW Museum (@http://www.csi.ad.jp/ABOMB/) This Japanese-authored website, created to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the bombing, includes survivors’ accounts.
 * 28) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hiroshima Archive (http://www.lclark.edu/~history/HIROSHIMA/index.html) This website from Lewis and Clark College includes a timeline, a photo gallery, and a fine arts section of materials related to the U.S. bombing.

**Three Men Go to War** **Episode: Three Men Go To War** Watch Three Men Go To War on PBS. See more from Three Men Go to War.

Premiering on the 50th anniversary of the missile crisis, "Cuban Missile Crisis: Three Men Go to War" focuses on three central figures in the crisis — President John F. Kennedy, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and Cuban leader Fidel Castro.
 * [|• Visit the Three Men Go To War webpage]**




 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">CHAPTER 36 **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Cold War Begins, 1945–1952 **

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">After mastering this chapter, you should be able to: <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">1. Explain the causes and consequences of the post–World War II economic boom. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">2. Describe the large postwar migrations to the Sunbelt and the suburbs. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">3. Explain changes in American society and culture brought about by the baby boom. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">4. Explain the origin and causes of the emerging conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union after Germany’s defeat and Truman’s accession to the presidency. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">5. Describe the early U.S.-Soviet Cold War conflicts over Germany and Eastern Europe, and explain why the United Nations proved largely ineffectual in addressing them. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">6. Discuss the American theory and practice of containment, as reflected in the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and NATO. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">7. Describe the concern about Soviet spying and communist subversion within the United States and the increasing climate of fear it engendered. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">8. Describe the expansion of the Cold War to East Asia, including the Chinese communist revolution and the Korean War.

__**<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Cold War Begins, 1945–1952 **__
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Widespread fears of a return to depression plagued the postwar years, but cheap energy, increased productivity, and programs like the GI Bill promoted rapid economic expansion lasting from 1950 to 1970. Affluence transformed American industry and society, and drew more women into the workforce.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Americans migrated to Southern and Western sunbelts, and left the poorer populations of northeastern cities for the growing suburbs. Families grew rapidly, as the baby boom population bulge lasted for decades.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Near the end of World War II, the controversial Yalta [yawl-tuh] agreement left major issues undecided and roiled postwar relations with the Soviet Union. Combative President Truman battled the Soviets over Eastern Europe, Germany, and the Middle East.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Truman Doctrine’s military aid began a crusade against international communism, while the Marshall Plan aided starving, communist-threatened Europe on it way to joining the NATO military alliance.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Cold War revelations of spying aroused fears of domestic communist subversion, culminating in McCarthy’s/ [muh-kahr-thee] witch-hunts. Fear of communism abroad and social change at home generated national and local assaults on those perceived to be different. Cold War and civil rights issues fractured the Democrats three ways in 1948, but Truman’s gutsy campaign overcame divisions to win re-election.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Chinese Communists won a civil war against the Nationalists. North Korea [kuh-ree-uh] invaded South Korea, and the Americans and Chinese joined the seesaw war, fighting to a bloody stalemate, while Truman fired McArthur for insubordination and threats to attack China.

**The Wall - A World Divided** **Episode: Full Program** Watch Full Program on PBS. See more from

The Wall - A World Divided tells the story of the Berlin Wall through rare archival film and photos, as well as the unique historical insights of George H. W. Bush, Helmut Kohl, Mikhail Gorbachev and the people of East & West Germany. **//Report on the Baby Boom//**

__**<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Web Links **__


 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Cold War: From Yalta to Malta (@http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/) This CNN Perspectives series explores the Cold War experience from multiple perspectives and includes interactive maps, rare video footage, declassified documents, biographies, picture galleries, timelines, interactive activities, a search function, book excerpts, and more.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Fallout: 1945–1995 (@http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/peoplescentury/episodes/fallout/) Part of the PBS’s People’s Century series, this website examines the atomic age in the Cold War era and includes first-person accounts.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Cold War International History Project (@http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.home&topic_id=1409) This website from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars features new evidence from Central and Eastern European archives on the Cold War in Asia.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Race for the Super Bomb (@http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/) This PBS companion website to an American Experience episode features interviews, film footage of explosions, a map of target sites in the U.S., a weapons stockpile list for 1945 to 1997, a timeline, primary sources, transcripts, a people and events section, and a virtual tour of the bomb shelter maintained for Congressmen during the Cold War.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The Living Weapon (@http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/weapon/) This PBS American Experience companion website explores the highly classified biological weapons program begun in 1942 and includes previously classified film footage, an outline of the history and development of diseases that could be used to destroy a city, information about a Cold War project using Seventh day Adventists as human subjects in the country's biological weapons program, interviews, and more.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The Marshall Plan (@http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/mars0.html) Marking the fiftieth anniversary of George Marshall's speech, this Library of Congress online exhibit focuses on the origins and effects of the Marshall Plan and features photographs and cartoons, items from the papers of Averell Harriman, the ERP special representative in Europe from 1948 to 1950.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The Alger Hiss Story (http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/) This comprehensive website recreates this important legal case in U.S. history by including primary information about Alger Hiss, the Hiss case, and the early Cold War years.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The 1948 Election (@http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/specials/elections/1948/) From the New York Times, this website offers an overview of this presidential election that includes contemporary news articles.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Soviet Archives Exhibit (@http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/soviet.exhibit/soviet.archive.html) From the Library of Congress, this online exhibit website contains declassified Soviet documents from 1917 to 1991.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Nuclear Weapons; The High Energy Weapons Archive (@http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/) This private website works to provide up-to-date detail on the development of nuclear weapons during the twentieth century and includes numerous links to other sources, primary source accounts, and documentation for its information.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Korean War 50th Anniversary (@http://korea50.army.mil/) Created by the U.S. Army to accompany its 50th anniversary commemoration of the Korean War, this website includes a history, photographs, veteran’s experiences, maps, a bibliography, and more.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Truman Museum & Library: The Korean War (@http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/korea/large/index.htm) This online exhibit looks at the war from the perspectives of the Koreans, international relations, the GI’s, and President Harry S. Truman.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Rutgers Oral History Archives of World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War (@http://oralhistory.rutgers.edu/) This website offers interviews with war participants, with an emphasis on Rutgers graduates and New Jersey residents, along with personal documents such as diaries, memoirs, letters, and photographs.


 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">CHAPTER 37 **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Eisenhower Era, 1952–1960 **

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">After mastering this chapter, you should be able to: <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">1. Describe the changes in the American consumer economy in the 1950s and their relationship to the rise of popular mass culture. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">2. Describe the Republicans’ return to power under Eisenhower and the rise and decline of McCarthyism.3. Trace the emergence of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and its initial impact on American race relations and the nation’s image abroad. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">4. Describe the practice of Eisenhower Republicanism in the 1950s, including domestic consequences of the Cold War. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">5. Outline the Eisenhower-Dulles approach to the Cold War and the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">6. Indicate how Eisenhower’s foreign policy was implemented in Vietnam, the Middle East, and Cuba. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">7. Describe the issues and outcome of the tight Kennedy-Nixon presidential campaign of 1960. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">8. Summarize the major changes in American culture in the 1950s, including the rise of Jewish, southern, and African American writers and playwrights.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Chapter 37 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Eisenhower Era, 1952–1960
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The new medium of television enhanced grandfatherly Ike’s popularity, and he soothed a country badly shaken by the Cold War and Korea. Eisenhower hesitated to go after Joseph McCarthy whose demagogic bubble finally burst. Ike reacted cautiously to the early civil rights movement, but sent troops to Little Rock to enforce court orders. His domestic policies were moderately conservative, but left most New Deal agencies in place.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Despite Dulles’s tough talk, Eisenhower’s foreign policies were cautious. He aided Diem [dyěm] but avoided military involvement in Vietnam and pressed Britain, France, and Israel to resolve the Suez / [soo-ez] crisis. He refused to intervene in the Hungarian revolt and sought negotiations to thaw the frigid Cold War. Nikita Khrushchev [kroosh-chef] proved difficult, as Sputnik / [spuht-nik], the Berlin Crisis, the U-2 incident, and Castro’s Cuban revolution all kept Cold War tensions high. Senator John Kennedy defeated Eisenhower’s vice president, Richard Nixon in a tight election by calling for the country to “get moving again” by more vigorously countering the Soviets.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">American society grew ever more prosperous in the Eisenhower era, as science, technology, and the Cold War fueled burgeoning new industries like electronics and aviation. Women joined the movement into the increasingly white-collar workforce, and chafed at widespread restrictions they faced.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Consumer culture, now centered around television, fostering a new ethic of leisure, enjoyment, and more open sexuality in popular entertainment. Intellectuals and artists criticized an emphasis on private affluence rather than the public good. Jewish, black, and southern writers impact on American culture to a striking new degree.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Chapter 38 **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The Stormy Sixties, 1960–1968 **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A. Checklist of Learning Objectives

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">After mastering this chapter, you should be able to:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">1. Describe the high expectations stirred by Kennedy’s New Frontier and his limited success in achieving his domestic objectives. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">2. Analyze the theory of Kennedy’s doctrine of flexible response to communist challenges around the world and its dangerous application in Vietnam. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">3. Describe Johnson’s succession to the presidency in 1963, his electoral landslide over Goldwater in 1964, and his Great Society successes of 1965. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">4. Discuss the course of the black movement of the 1960s, from civil rights to Black Power. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">5. Outline the steps by which Johnson led the United States deeper into the Vietnam quagmire. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">6. Explain how the Vietnam War brought turmoil to American society and eventually drove Johnson and the divided Democrats from power in 1968. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">7. Describe the youthful cultural rebellions of the 1960s in the United States and around the world, and indicate which of their features quickly faded and which endured.


 * Kennedy’s New Frontier, bogged down in congressional stalemate. Confrontations over Berlin and Russian missiles in Cuba created threats of the Cold War turning hot, while flexible response to Third World communism led to dangerous involvement in Vietnam and elsewhere.
 * Johnson succeeded Kennedy and soundly defeated Goldwater, and his huge congressional majorities passed a mass of liberal Great Society legislation. Blacks won integration and voting rights, but northern black ghettos erupted in violence amid calls for black power.
 * Johnson escalated military involvement in the Dominican Republic and Vietnam. Troop and casualty levels escalated without military success, causing dovish war protests to gain strength, and Johnson not to seek reelection. Deep Democratic divisions over the war allowed Nixon to win the White House.



//**Kennedy's Analysis of Prospects for the Diem Regime, Kennedy, John F. 1963**//

**Episode: Anti-War Protesters** Watch Anti-War Protesters on PBS. See more from History Detectives.
 * History Detectives**

Archive footage of Vietnam War protesters in 1966. Various people speak to their reasons for protesting the Vietnam War, including opposing the draft, believing the war in Vietnam is a Revolution and should be left to the Vietnamese.

Watch LBJ on the Economy: War on Poverty on PBS. See more from American Experience.
 * American Experience**
 * Episode: LBJ on the Economy: War on Poverty**

President Johnson took on the economy by waging a "war on poverty." "His vision was of helping the disadvantaged to help themselves," Robert Dallek says.

Watch LBJ on Crises: Johnson's War on PBS. See more from American Experience.
 * American Experience**
 * Episode: LBJ on Crises: Johnson's War**

Protests against the Vietnam War turned personal, with students blaming LBJ for the way the war was going. "He was frustrated because he couldn't end it and because he thought he couldn't win it," says John Connally. **Episode: From the film Freedom Riders: the Solid South** Watch From the film Freedom Riders: the Solid South on PBS. See more from American Experience.
 * American Experience**

In his bid for the presidency, JFK had to tread carefully around the heart of the Democratic Party - the white voting south. John Patterson, Governor of Alabama from 1959 to 1963, speaks about his endorsement of Kennedy for president.



**Episode: The Inspiration: A Short Film from Freedom Riders** Watch The Inspiration: A Short Film from Freedom Riders on PBS. See more from American Experience.
 * American Experience**

Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolent movement to free India from British colonial rule inspired American civil rights activists who had immersed themselves in Ghandi's teachings and viewed non-violence as an effective way to challenge the tyranny of the Jim Crow South.

**FRONTLINE** **God in America: Five: Soul of a Nation** Watch God in America: Five: Soul of a Nation on PBS. See more from FRONTLINE.

Evangelist Billy Graham tries to inspire a revival, fusing faith and patriotism to battle "godless communism." Americans flock in record numbers to houses of worship; nonbelievers and religious minorities appeal to the Supreme Court for protections. Martin Luther King, Jr. emerges as a modern-day prophet, calling upon the nation to honor biblical teachings and the founders' democratic ideals.

**Episode: The Strategy: A Short Film from Freedom Riders** Watch The Strategy: A Short Film from Freedom Riders on PBS. See more from American Experience.
 * American Experience**

In the decades after WWII, civil rights leaders relied on legal and legislative challenges to dismantle segregation. But in the early 1960s, activists impatient for change turned to a new strategy: non-violent direct action.

**Episode: The Exchange Student: A Short Film from Freedom Riders** Watch The Exchange Student: A Short Film from Freedom Riders on PBS. See more from American Experience.
 * American Experience**

After deciding to participate in the Freedom Rides in May 1961, Jim Zwerg called his parents for support only to be told that he was "killing his father." As a white Freedom Rider, Zwerg was among the first to be attacked and sustained severe injuries.

**PBS NewsHour** **Episode: Honoring Civil Rights Hero Medgar Evers, Warrior for U.S.** Watch Honoring Civil Rights Hero Medgar Evers, Warrior for U.S. on PBS. See more from PBS NewsHour.

Nearly half a century since his murder, civil rights activist Medgar Evers was honored in a ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery. Gwen Ifill examines the life and legacy of Evers -- a World War II veteran and the NAACP's first field secretary in the South -- with Jerry Mitchell of The Clarion-Ledger newspaper.

**American Experience** **Episode: Martin Luther King on "The Negro and the American Promise"** Watch Martin Luther King on "The Negro and the American Promise" on PBS. See more from American Experience.

Martin Luther King appears in Boston public television producer Henry Morgenthau III's "The Negro and the American Promise," alongside Malcolm X and James Baldwin.

**The Times They Are A-Changin' by Bob Dylan**

Read more: [|http://www.bobdylan.com/us/songs#ixzz2aXdlts4N]
 * The Times They Are A-Changin'**

**A History of Voting Rights** June 25, 2013 By Vijai Singh and Sam Tanenhaus For much of the 20th century, voting remained a contentious issue, but the Supreme Court struck down Section 4 of the 1965 Voting Rights Act on Tuesday, suggesting that conditions have changed. media type="custom" key="25465896"

Related
 * Article: **[|Supreme Court Strikes Down Key Part of Voting Rights Act]**

Click Photo Below for **FRONTLINE** Video:


 * A Class Divided 1: The Daring Lesson**

One program in Florida ensures tomato growers protect workers’ basic human rights.
 * A Voice for Workers**

Watch A Voice for Workers on PBS. See more from FRONTLINE.

**Episode: Carter and Ending War: the Camp David Accords** Watch Carter and Ending War: the Camp David Accords on PBS. See more from American Experience.
 * American Experience**

President Carter's attempt at resolving the dispute between Israel and Egypt almost ended in failure. Egyptian President Sadat threatened to leave the talks at Camp David, but Carter used a personal approach to keep the talks going between Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Begin. The Camp David Accords would become Carter's greatest foreign policy achievement.

June 24, 2013 By Axel Gerdau Sam Tanenhaus on the history of affirmative action, a program that dates back to the presidency of John F. Kennedy and has stirred debate for decades. Related
 * Affirmative Action’s Contentious History**
 * BlogPost: [|Analysis of Supreme Court Decision on Affirmative Action]

Watch God in America: Six: Of God and Caesar on PBS. See more from FRONTLINE.
 * FRONTLINE**
 * Episode: God in America: Six: Of God and Caesar**

Conservative evangelicals' embrace of presidential politics ends in disappointment and questions about mixing religion and politics. New waves of immigrants from Asia, the Middle East and Latin America make the United States the most religiously diverse nation on earth. In the 2008 presidential election, a religious voice reemerges in the Democratic Party.

Watch From the Vault: Oklahoma City Bombing on PBS. See more from Washington Week.
 * Washington Week**
 * Episode: From the Vault: Oklahoma City Bombing**

While the investigation into the bombings at the Boston Marathon continues, we look in our vault to April 21, 1995 when our panelists discussed the domestic terrorist bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. The attack – 18 years ago this week – by Timothy McVeigh and his co-conspirators claimed 168 lives and remained the deadliest terror attack on America soil until September 11.

**Episode: Reagan Announces SDI** Watch Reagan Announces SDI on PBS. See more from American Experience.
 * American Experience**

In a televised address to the nation, delivered on March 23, 1983, President Reagan announced his vision of a world safe from nuclear threat. His Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), later dubbed "Star Wars" by the press, is an idea that remains controversial to this day. [|• Visit the Reagan Announces SDI webpage]